Emmy Noether, Mathematician

Emmy Noether, Mathematician Conceived in Germany and named Amalie Emmy Noether, she was known as Emmy. Her dad was a science educator at the University of Erlangen and her mom was from a well off family. Emmy Noether examined number-crunching and dialects however was not allowed as a young lady to take a crack at the school private academy, the recreation center. Her graduation qualified her to train French and English in young ladies schools, clearly her profession expectation yet then she altered her perspective and chose she needed to contemplate arithmetic at the college level. Known for: work in conceptual polynomial math, particularly ring hypothesis Dates: March 23, 1882 - April 14, 1935 Likewise known as: Amalie Noether, Emily Noether, Amelie Noether College of Erlangen To take a crack at a college, she needed to get the authorization of the educators to take a selection test she did and she went, in the wake of participating in arithmetic talks at the University of Erlangen. She was then permitted to review courses first at the University of Erlangen and afterward the University of Gã ¶ttingen, neither of which would allow a lady to go to classes for credit. At long last, in 1904, the University of Erlangen chose to allow ladies to enlist as ordinary understudies, and Emmy Noether returned there. Her thesis in logarithmic math earned her a doctorateâ summa cum laudeâ in 1908. For a long time, Noether worked at the University of Erlangen with no compensation, here and there going about as a substitute instructor for her dad when he was sick. In 1908 she was welcome to join the Circolo Matematico di Palermo and in 1909 to join the German Mathematical Society however she despite everything couldn't acquire a paying situation at a University in Germany. Gã ¶ttingen In 1915, Emmy Noethers guides, Felix Klein and David Hilbert, welcomed her to go along with them at the Mathematical Institute in Gã ¶ttingen, again without remuneration. There, she sought after significant numerical work that affirmed key pieces of the general hypothesis of relativity. Hilbert kept on attempting to get Noether acknowledged as an employee at Gã ¶ttingen, yet he was fruitless against the social and authority inclinations against ladies researchers. He had the option to permit her to address in his own courses, and without pay. In 1919 she won the option to be a privatdozentâ she could show understudies, and they would pay her straightforwardly, yet the college didn't pay her anything. In 1922, the University gave her a situation as a subordinate teacher with a little pay and no residency or advantages. Emmy Noether was a mainstream educator with the understudies. She was viewed as warm and eager. Her talks were participatory, requesting that understudies help work out the arithmetic being examined. Emmy Noethers work during the 1920s on ring hypothesis and goals was primary in dynamic polynomial math. Her work earned her enough acknowledgment that she was welcomed as a meeting educator in 1928-1929 at the University of Moscow and in 1930 at the University of Frankfurt. America In spite of the fact that she was always unable to increase a customary personnel position at Gã ¶ttingen, she was one of numerous Jewish employees who was cleansed by the Nazis in 1933. In America, the Emergency Committee to Aid Displaced German Scholars acquired for Emmy Noether a proposal of a residency at Bryn Mawr College in America, and they paid, with the Rockefeller Foundation, her first years compensation. The award was reestablished for two additional years in 1934. This was the first occasion when that Emmy Noether was paid a full educators pay and acknowledged as a full employee. Be that as it may, her prosperity was not to keep going long. In 1935, she created intricacies from an activity to evacuate an uterine tumor, and she passed on not long after, on April 14. After World War II finished, the University of Erlangen respected her memory, and in that city, a co-ed exercise center spend significant time in math was named for her. Her remains are covered close Bryn Mawrs Library. Statement On the off chance that one demonstrates the balance of two numbers an and b by indicating first that an is not exactly or equivalent to b and afterward an is more prominent than or equivalent to b, it is uncalled for, one ought to rather show that they are truly equivalent by uncovering the internal ground for their equity. About Emmy Noether, by Lee Smolin: The association among balances and protection laws is one of the extraordinary revelations of twentieth century material science . In any case, I think not many non-specialists will have heard both of it or its creator - Emily Noether, an incredible German mathematician. In any case, it is as basic to twentieth century material science as well known thoughts like the difficulty of surpassing the speed of light.It isn't hard to show Noethers hypothesis, as it is called; there is a delightful and natural thought behind it. Ive clarified it each time Ive showed early on material science. Be that as it may, no course reading at this level notices it. What's more, without it one doesn't generally comprehend why the world is to such an extent that riding a bike is protected. Print Bibliography Dick, Auguste.Emmy Noether: 1882-1935. 1980. ISBN: 0817605193

American Civil War - Battle of Hampton Roads

American Civil War - Battle of Hampton Roads The Battle of Hampton Roads was battled March 8-9, 1862, and was a piece of the American Civil War. Armadas Commanders Association Banner Officer Louis M. GoldsboroughLieutenant John L. Worden1 ironclad, 2 screw frigates, 2 frigates, 1 sloop of war Confederate Banner Officer Franklin Buchanan1 ironclad, 3 gunboats, 2 tenders Foundation Following the episode of the Civil War in April 1860, Confederate powers held onto the Norfolk Navy Yard from the US Navy. Before emptying, the Navy consumed a few ships in the yard including the moderately new steam frigate USS Merrimack. Appointed in 1856, Merrimack just consumed to the waterline and a large portion of its hardware stayed unblemished. With the Union barricade of the Confederacy fixing, Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory started looking for manners by which his little power could challenge the foe. Ironclads One road that Mallory chose to follow was the improvement of ironclad, protected warships. The first of these, the French La Gloire and British HMS Warrior, had showed up in the most recent year. Counseling John M. Brooke, John L. Watchman, and William P. Williamson, Mallory started pushing the ironclad program forward yet found that the South came up short on the modern ability to fabricate the required steam motors in a convenient way. After learning this, Williamson proposed utilizing the motors and stays of the previous Merrimack. Doorman before long submitted reexamined plans to Mallory that based the new boat around Merrimacks powerplant. Affirmed on July 11, 1861, work before long started at Norfolk on the casemate ironclad CSS Virginia. The enthusiasm for ironclad innovation was likewise shared by the Union Navy which set requests for three test ironclads in mid-1861. Key among these was creator John Ericssons USS Monitor which mounted two firearms in a rotating turret. Propelled January 30, 1862, Monitor was appointed in late February with Lieutenant John L. Worden in order. Mindful of Confederate ironclad endeavors at Norfolk, the new boat withdrew New York Navy Yard on March 6. CSS Virginia Strikes At Norfolk, chip away at Virginia proceeded and the boat was authorized on February 17, 1862, with Flag Officer Franklin Buchanan in order. Equipped with ten overwhelming firearms, Virginia likewise included a substantial iron slam on its bow. This was fused because of the planners conviction that ironclads would be not able to hurt each other with gunfire. A recognized veteran of the US Navy, Buchanan was anxious to test the boat and cruised on March 8 to assault Union warships in Hampton Roads regardless of the way that laborers were still ready. The tenders CSS Raleigh and Beaufort went with Buchanan. Steaming down the Elizabeth River, Virginia discovered five warships of Flag Officer Louis Goldsboroughs North Atlantic Blockading Squadron tied down in Hampton Roads close to the defensive firearms of Fortress Monroe. Joined by three gunboats from the James River Squadron, Buchanan singled out the sloop of war USS Cumberland (24 weapons) and charged forward. In spite of the fact that at first uncertain what to think about the bizarre new boat, Union mariners on board the frigate USS Congress (44) started shooting as Virginia passed. Returning discharge, Buchanans weapons incurred noteworthy harm on Congress. Connecting with Cumberland, Virginia beat the wooden boat as the Union shells skiped off its defensive layer. In the wake of intersection Cumberlands bow and raking it with discharge, Buchanan slammed it with an end goal to spare black powder. Puncturing the Union boats side, some portion of Virginias slam confined as it was pulled back. Sinking, Cumberlands group courageously battled the boat until the end. Next, Virginia directed its concentration toward Congress which had grounded trying to close with the Confederate ironclad. Joined by his gunboats, Buchanan connected with the frigate from a separation and constrained it to strike its hues following an hour of battling. Requesting his tenders forward to get the boats give up, Buchanan was enraged when Union soldiers shorewards, not understanding the circumstance, started shooting. Returning discharge from Virginias deck with a carbine, he was injured in the thigh by a Union slug. In reprisal, Buchanan requested Congress be shelled with flammable superstar. Bursting into flames, Congress consumed all through the remainder of the day detonated that night. Squeezing his assault, Buchanan endeavored to move against the steam frigate USS Minnesota (50), yet couldn't incur any harm as the Union boat fled into shallow water and steered into the rocks. Pulling back because of dimness, Virginia had won a staggering triumph, yet had taken harm adding up to two firearms crippled, its slam lost, a few reinforced plates harmed, and its smoke stack perplexed. As brief fixes were made during the night, order degenerated to Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones. In Hampton Roads, the circumstance of the Union armada improved significantly that night with the appearance of Monitor from New York. Taking a cautious situation to ensure Minnesota and the frigate USS St. Lawrence (44), the ironclad anticipated Virginias return. Conflict of the Ironclads Coming back to Hampton Roads in the first part of the day, Jones foreseen a simple triumph and at first disregarded the unusual looking Monitor. Moving to connect with, the two ships before long opened the main fight between ironclad warships. Beating each other for more than four hours, nor had the option to deliver huge harm on the other. In spite of the fact that Monitors heavier firearms had the option to split Virginias protective layer, the Confederates scored a hit on their adversarys pilot house briefly blinding Worden. Taking order, Lieutenant Samuel D. Greene drew the boat away, persuading that he had won. Incapable to arrive at Minnesota, and with his boat harmed, Jones started moving towards Norfolk. As of now, Monitor came back to the battle. Seeing Virginia withdrawing and with requests to ensure Minnesota, Greene chose not to seek after. Outcome The battling at Hampton Roads cost the Union naval force the loss of USS Cumberland and Congress, just as 261 murdered and 108 injured. Confederate setbacks were 7 murdered and 17 injured. In spite of the heavier misfortunes, Hampton Roads demonstrated a vital triumph for the Union as the barricade stayed flawless. The fight itself flagged the death of wooden warships and the ascent of defensively covered vessels worked of iron and steel. Throughout the following a little while a stalemate resulted as Virginia endeavored to draw in Monitor on a few events however was rejected as Monitor was compelled to stay away from fight except if completely required. This was because of President Abraham Lincolns dread that the boat would be lost permitting Virginia to assume responsibility for the Chesapeake Bay. On May 11, after Union soldiers caught Norfolk, the Confederates consumed Virginia to forestall its catch. Screen was lost in a tempest off Cape Hatteras on December 31, 1862.

Holiday Gifts, MIT Style

Holiday Gifts, MIT Style For many, holiday time is the season of giving. While on this blog I more often talk about aspects of MIT that are freely offered to the world, I figured the holiday season would be as good a time as any to showcase some MIT-related products that are for sale. All of these are real products and can be ordered! Clocky, the alarm clock that runs away Invented by Media Lab student Gauri Nanda, Clocky received worldwide attention when it was introduced in 2005. It was featured on Good Morning America, the Today Show, Jay Leno, and even on Jeopardy. What is Clocky? Nanda told the Boston Globe: I like my sleep, said Nanda, a research associate at the MIT Media Laboratory in Cambridge. Ive been known to hit the snooze button for two hours, or even accidentally turn off the alarm. So when she was asked to create a useful product for an industrial design course last fall, Nanda came up with Clocky, a runaway alarm clock that goads its bleary-eyed owners into leaving their beds. To turn Clocky off, you have to find it. When the snooze alarm is pushed, Clocky rolls off the bedside table, tumbles to the floor and, thanks to shock-absorbing materials and rubber wheels, races away from the bed. It bumps into objects, repositions itself, and eventually comes to rest in a place far enough away from the bed that its owner will be forced to get up to find it when the alarm sounds a second time. A built-in microprocessor randomly programs the clocks speed, distance, and routes, so that it wont land in the same spot twice. I know that I could use a Clocky many mornings =) Transition, the flying car The MIT Aero/Astro alumni-founded company Terrafugia, led by Carl Dietrich 99, is building a flying car (or, more accurately, a roadable aircraft). And theyre taking orders for it now. Dietrich told the Lemelson-MIT Program: If you were taking a trip between 100 and 500 miles right now, chances are you’d probably drive unless you were going between two airport hubs, Dietrich said. Driving is fine, but it can take you half a day to reach your destination, and you are subject to unpredictable traffic. Commercial airlines are effective for trips over 500 miles, but they don’t really attack the short-hop market very well. Personal Air Vehicles open up a lot of possibilities in freedom to get around. They offer convenience and flexibility to fit the traveler’s schedule. Dietrich’s Transition can be driven on any surface road and requires only a sport pilot’s license to fly. The SUV-sized vehicle can be stored in most home garages and has folding wings that enable it to operate both on the ground and in the air. It can carry two people with their bags up to 500 miles on a single tank of premium unleaded gasoline. The Transition also offers modern safety features including an electronic center of gravity calculator (important for weight distribution in flying mode), GPS navigation unit, front and rear crumple zones, airbags, and patent-pending deformable aerodynamic bumpers. Since the driver’s visibility is impaired when the wings are folded up, a tiny camera system embedded in the vertical tails provides direct views of blind spots. Check out this awesome animation of the Transition landing. Bhutan: the worlds largest book Michael Hawley of the Media Lab led a group of people from MIT and Friendly Planet on four expeditions to Bhutan, a small nation nestled between India and China in the Himalayas. After taking tens of thousands of photographs, their work was turned into the largest book ever published. It weighs in at a hefty 130 pounds and sizes up at 5 feet by 7 feet. You can even buy the book at Amazon.com! (For those not up for the big size, now theres a little big book weighing in at just 5 pounds) On the day of the books release, Hawley talked with the New York Times: Beyond technology and philanthropy, the book project represents an expeditionary approach to education that Mr. Hawley says he wants to expand at M.I.T. The idea, he explains, is to take students to see new places, meet people from other cultures and use technology in the field. The Bhutan book is a byproduct of four such trips from 1988 to 2002, each involving a few M.I.T. students. What Im pushing at M.I.T. is that the world is our lab, not just the campus, Mr. Hawley said. These kinds of trips can be life-altering for the people who take them. We learn from differences. Charles Darwin is Mr. Hawleys favorite proof of the value of educational expeditions. At 22, Darwin seemed headed for the clergy after graduating from Cambridge University. But he balked, took a round-the-world voyage, and came back to present his theory of evolution in, The Origin of Species. Without the expeditionary adventure, Mr. Hawley said, He would have ended up Pastor Charles Darwin, creationist. At the time of the publication of Bhutan, Hawley said the biggest book in the Library of Congress was Birds of America by John J. Audubon, coming in at a mere 2.5 feet by 3.5 feet. Guitar Hero and Karaoke Revolution: Rock out with video games Harmonix is a video game company started by MIT alumni, including CEO Alex Rigopulos 92 (S.B. Music) and Eran Egozy 95 (S.B. Electrical Engineering). Harmonix fuses music and engineering to make awesome music-based video games. Harmonixs first big hit was Karaoke Revolution, where the player sings karaoke with a special microphone. Its a great party game. Harmonix has now developed five Karaoke Revolution games, including Karaoke Revolution Party and Karaoke Revolution Country. And then came Guitar Hero, a tremendously popular game where players, using a specially designed guitar, play lead guitar on some rocking songs. Its been popular with many real musicians as well as professional athletes, such as Detroit Tigers relief pitcher Joel Zumaya, who sustained a Guitar Hero shoulder injury this season and missed three games in the American League Championship Series because of it. Here are some Guitar Hero statistics from the project team: Project size: 303,000 lines of code, 32,100 lines of script Guitars broken during development: 97 Guitars set on fire during development: 1 A few months ago, MTV acquired Harmonix. Ill be interested to see what their collaboration brings. Those are just a few interesting products from MIT people

What Happens to Candle Wax When a Candle Burns

When you burn a candle, you end up with less wax after burning than you started with. This is because the wax oxidizes, or burns, in the flame to yield water and carbon dioxide, which dissipate in the air around the candle in a reaction that also yields light and heat. Candle Wax Combustion Candle wax, also called paraffin, is composed of chains of connected carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbon molecules can burn completely. When you light a candle, wax near the wick melts into a liquid. The heat of the flame vaporizes the wax molecules and they react with the oxygen in the air. As wax is consumed, capillary action draws more liquid wax along the wick. As long as the wax doesnt melt away from the flame, the flame will consume it completely and leave no ash or wax residue. Both light and heat are radiated in all directions from a candle flame. About one-quarter of the energy from combustion is emitted as heat. The heat maintains the reaction, vaporizing wax so that it can burn, melting it to maintain the supply of fuel. The reaction ends when there is either no more fuel (wax) or when there isnt enough heat to melt the wax. Equation for Wax Combustion The exact equation for wax combustion depends on the specific type of wax that is used, but all equations follow the same general form. Heat initiates the reaction between a hydrocarbon and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy (heat and light). For a paraffin candle, the balanced chemical equation is: C25H52 38 O2 → 25 CO2 26 H2O Its interesting to note that even though water is released, the air often feels dry when a candle or fire is burning. This is because the increase in temperature allows air to hold more water vapor. Youre Unlikely to Inhale Wax When a candle is burning steadily with a teardrop-shaped flame, combustion is extremely efficient. All that is released into the air is carbon dioxide and water. When you first light a candle or if the candle is burning under unstable conditions, you may see the flame flicker. A flickering flame may cause the heat required for combustion to fluctuate. If you see a wisp of smoke, thats soot (carbon) from incomplete combustion. Vaporized wax does exist right around the flame but doesnt travel very far or last very long once the candle is extinguished. One interesting project to try is to extinguish a candle and relight it from a distance with another flame. If you hold a lit candle, match or lighter close to a freshly extinguished candle, you can watch the flame travel along the wax vapor trail to relight the candle.

Essay about Radical Feminism and Hip Hop - 1550 Words

Since its emergence in the South Bronx in the 1970’s, hip hop has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the world. Once an underground genre of music, it is seen in commercials, movies, television shows, etc. It has transformed from music and expanded into a full culture. It has even made its way into fashion and art. Men have always been on the front line of Hip Hop. However, the lyrics and images have changed tremendously. Lyrics and images that once spoke upon the injustices and empowerment for the African American people is now filled with money, cars, jewelry, and of course women. Today’s hip hop generation is criticized for its negative portrayal of women. Every music video that is produced features scantily†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Radical feminism is said to derive from several notions of Marxism. The main idea being used from Marxist theory is the concept of the oppressors and the oppressed. Therefore, radical feminists want to de stroy the whole concept of the sex/gender as a class system, and wish to end the idea of differences between men and women† (Zieber). When discussing hip hop it is important to note the connection between patriarchy and Marxism because of the similarities of dismantling oppression. Hip Hop began as an outlet of speaking against oppression. Unfortunately Hip hop was created by men and continues to be dominated by men. Although its style has changed over time; it continues to contain traces of patriarchal ideology. Its early lyrical content expressed many afro-centric and militant political undertones. Songs such as â€Å"Fight the Power† by Public Enemy sent these messages to the American public. Patriarchy is one of the roots of militarism. Patriarchy is referred to as the domination of women by men. Militarism is a deep rooted general idea of â€Å"control over another†. This term is related to aggression. Such aggression is generally characterized as a male trait. â€Å"Military values contribute to the construction of narrow definitions of masculine and feminine characteristics† (Burke). There were not many images of a woman in hip hop speaking about such subjects. These military ideas Women in society’s standards lack such antagonistic nature. Hip hop became lyricalShow MoreRelatedFeminism Is Characte rized As Being An Advocate For The1708 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism is characterized as being an advocate for the equality of women’s rights. Radical feminism is the viewing of equal treatment in society, giving women the right of autonomy because that s a basic human right. The accomplishment of radical feminism is to change people’s mind and how people think of women. Using music as new form of feminism and incorporating the historical events to help express the same ideas through the lyrics. 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Bringing Trauma Home Spouses of Paramedics Free Essays

string(31) " from the situations faced, i\." The profession of emergency care inevitably brings along with it a lot of stress, both mental and physical. Paramedics and other emergency care professionals are faced with a multitude of varying situations ranging from harsh weather to violent patients and emotionally draining experiences such as witnessing extensively injured patients or deaths. Moreover, these individuals are also faced with different hassles such as working in exhaustive shifts, overtime issues and variable schedules (Blakely Timmons, 2008; Regehr, Goldberg, Hughes, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on Bringing Trauma Home: Spouses of Paramedics or any similar topic only for you Order Now All these factors not only influence the paramedics themselves but also have a significant impact on their families. Studies have shown the existence of the phenomenon of secondary trauma (Figley, 1995 cited in Regehr, Goldberg, Hughes, 2002), or vicarious traumatization (McCann Pearlman, 1990; Saakvitne Pearlman, 1996 cited in Regehr, Goldberg, Hughes, 2002) amongst mental health workers who have been exposed to individuals who are faced with traumatizing experiences. It has been proven that being exposed to the traumatic experiences of others predisposes individuals to develop symptoms of anxiety, sleep disturbances and affective arousal (Regehr, Goldberg, Hughes, 2002). Studies have revealed that emergency workers including ambulance personnel have a high incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Jonsson, Segesten, Mattsson, 2003). Other studies reveal that by witnessing the trauma and suffering of victims, paramedics develop secondary trauma and if they share their experiences with their family members, they too might experience vicarious traumatization (Blakely Timmons, 2008). Different individuals have been shown to deal with the stress in different ways. Some individuals might share their experiences with their family members and seek emotional support from them. In doing so, they inadvertently expose their family members to the same distress and anguish that they are experiencing. Thus families when extending their support towards the paramedics, who need to cope with the work-related stress, may themselves fall prey to developing mental distress via the process of secondary trauma (Blakely Timmons, 2008). On the other hand, some individuals may cope with the work-related stress that they experience via emotional numbing, whereby they display a loss of affect and emotional detachment (Regehr, Bringing the trauma home: Spouses of Paramedics, 2005). They may thereby have impaired family functioning and limited interactions with their family members (Regehr, Bringing the trauma home: Spouses of Paramedics, 2005). Both these coping strategies have thus been proven to indirectly have a negative influence on the family members of paramedics. In addition, work stress has also been shown to impair the family functioning of paramedics (Blakely Timmons, 2008). Another problem that the family members, in particular the spouses of paramedics have to face is dealing with the tough routine that these individuals have. Other concerns of the family members include the health risks and the physical violence that the emergency care personnel are prone to (Blakely Timmons, 2008). Thus, the work-related mental stress experienced by personnel involved in emergency care does not only have impact on their own life and health but also on their family members, in particular their spouses. It therefore becomes imperative to study the influence and consequences of the mental distress which the paramedics face on their family lives and relationship, determine factors which influence the development of these problems, and hence improvise strategies to minimize the potential harm and risks associated with these problems. Qualitative versus Quantitative research design for addressing this issue When undertaking research to address any issue, two different kinds of research methods exist, viz. qualitative and quantitative methods. The choice of the research method depends on the study question. When an exploration of the various aspects of a particular issue is required, qualitative research should be undertaken (Marshall, 1996). Qualitative research allows an in-depth study of the phenomenon of interest and involves observing the phenomenon in its natural environment without any interventions (Runciman, 2002). The results yielded as a result of qualitative studies are transferable and such research answers ‘why’ and ‘how’ questions (Marshall, 1996). It provides a conceptual analysis of the issue and serves various different purposes including hypothesis generation, which can be further tested via using quantitative methods, to assess the pre-existing systems and functions and to convey to the policy makers the views and experiences of the individuals in question, amongst others (Fitzpatrick Boulton, 1994). Qualitative research is thus â€Å"complex, contextual and influenced by the interaction of physical, psychological and social factors (Runciman, 2002). † In the other hand, quantitative research uses a deductive or reductionalist approach and is aimed at testing preset hypothesis (Marshall, 1996). The main implications of this kind of research is in assessing the effectiveness of various interventions or comparing two different study groups. Quantitative methodology yields generalizable results and produces answers to ‘what’ questions (Marshall, 1996). Keeping in mind the above mentioned basic differences between qualitative and quantitative research and their applicability in various situations, the best suited form of methodology which can be used in identifying the impact of the work-related stress of the paramedics on their family lives is qualitative methodology. This is because the issue at hand requires an in-depth exploration of the various aspects and consequences of the work-related stress on the individuals, their family life and their spouses and qualitative approach is the most suitable for answering such questions. Problem identification and definition The introduction section of a research article is aimed at identifying the research problem, to determine the magnitude of the problem in the society and to provide the rationale behind carrying out the study (Parahoo, 2006). In this article, the author clearly defines the problem which led to the conduction of this study viz. the negative impact of the work-related mental stress that paramedics face on their spouses (Regehr, 2005) and adequately explain the theoretical framework behind this problem. According to the author, paramedics experience a considerable amount of mental and physical stress while at work and this influences their overall mood and affect. There are two main types of coping strategies that paramedics can adopt in order to overcome the mental distress they experience and these involve either remaining detached and emotionally aloof from the situations faced, i. You read "Bringing Trauma Home: Spouses of Paramedics" in category "Papers" e. emotional numbing, or explicitly sharing their experiences with others (Regehr, 2005). Neither of these strategies have been found to be useful since the former leads to a poor quality of relationships as the numbing prevails in everyday life and leads to an inability to emotionally engage and interact with others, and the latter has been found to induce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in the family members whereby they start experiencing stress similar to that faced by the paramedics (Regehr, 2005). The author thus surmises that the work related stress of paramedics does not only bring significant distress to the individuals in question, but also to their family members, in particular their spouses, and this is a considerable problem that warrants research in order to elucidate the factors contributing towards this problem (Regehr, 2005). Thus, in this article, the phenomenon of interest is clearly identified and the theoretical underpinnings of the problem have been adequately addressed. However, when defining the problem, the author does not explain why the qualitative study design would be best suited for this particular problem. Moreover, this section also lacks a discussion of the significance of this research and its outcome to everyday clinical practice, i. e. How would identifying and addressing this particular problem prove to be beneficial for paramedics and their spouses in the short and long-term? Literature Review The literature review provided in an article provides an in-depth view of the research done on the topic. It should be based on an extensive review of literature and discuss all aspects of the topic in question (Parahoo, 2006). In this article, a thorough and comprehensive literature regarding the different aspects of the effect of paramedics’ work-related mental distress on their family and spouses has been provided. Moreover, the literature is logically organized and leads the readers sequentially from problem identification to its impact and consequences. Using the literature, the author initially discusses the magnitude and nature of the emotional stress that paramedics face and then moves on to describe the role of the family in helping paramedics to deal with this stress (Regehr, 2005). The author then quotes and discusses the different studies which been carried out to elucidate the coping strategies used by paramedics to vercome the mental distress that they encounter and the effect of these strategies on the family members (Regehr, 2005), thus providing a framework and the rationale for conducting the study in question. However, the literature review of this article has certain shortcomings. Firstly, the literature review fails to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the studies carried out previously and the gaps in the research literature that exist. This is important so as to ascertain what new findings this study would contribute to the existing literature on the subject. Moreover, some of the literature qouted in this article dates back to almost two decades ago, e. g. Verboski and Ryan, 1988 and Nezu and Carnevale, 1987, and is thus outdated. This shortcoming could have been avoided by using more recent and up to date literature, which would have contributed further towards the strength of the article. Thus in conclusion, the literature review is adequately performed and suffiently describes the previous research conducted on the topic but has certain limitations and shortcomings. Methodology The methodology section is one of the most important sections of any article as this part guides the readers on how the study is actually being conducted. It has several important components. The different components of methodology of this article are critically reviewed below. Research Design The research design used is for this study is qualitative research. This method is appropriately chosen since this study aims to identify the different consequences that the paramedics’ lifestyle and the pressures associated with their job has on their family life and their spouses and these consequences are influenced by several factors and can be studied from different aspects (Regehr, 2005). Qualitative research serves the purpose of studying a problem from several different perspectives and is conducted in a natural setting. It does not require any intervention or control group and is a mere observation of the phenomenon of interest, giving a holistic picture of the problem being addressed (Runciman, 2002). This study is meant to be an exploration of the experiences, concerns and issues of the spouses of paramedics and thus the qualitative method is best suited method for it. Sampling The sample for this study consisted of spouses of fourteen paramedics who were employed at two different emergency medical organizations. The author describes the rationale of using a sample size of fourteen participants, viz. ensuring the occurrence of saturation (Regehr, 2005). Saturation is an important concept applicable to qualitative research. In general, it is an established fact that as the sample size increases the chances of conducting a random sample error decrease and thus, larger sample sizes are preferred in order to reduce the variability in the results (Marshall, 1996). However, at a certain point, no new information or themes are revealed from the data set and this is termed as saturation (Marshall, 1996). For qualitative studies, the sample size required is usually small but recruiting an adequate number of participants in order to achieve saturation should be ensured. In this article, the sampling method used is not stated explicitly but the technique used reveals that purposive sampling was used, i. e. spouses of paramedics were approached and asked to participate in this study (Regehr, 2005). This kind of sampling is best suited for qualitative studies, in particular those who focus on a particular group of individuals rather than on the general population. However, this article does not mention any particular inclusion or exclusion criteria for the study participants. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are important in minimizing the variability amongst participants and in the reduction of any confounding factors which might lead to variation in the results and thus compromise the validity and reliability of the study findings. Data Collection Strategies The data collection tools used were audio taped interviews which followed a semi-structured interview guide and notes on the impressions of the interviewers which were taken during peer debriefing sessions (Regehr, 2005). Using interviews for data collection has the advantage of focusing on human experiences and emotions regarding the problem. Moreover, the use of semi-structured interviews in this case served a dual purpose viz. ensuring standardization of the responses, which facilitates organization and interpretation of the results, and providing opportunity for the exploration of arenas other than those limited to and specified in the interview guide. A limitation of the description of the data collection strategies for this study is that the particular questions and themes addressed during the interview are not mentioned explicitly and the article only mentions the broad categories to which the questions belonged, e. g. family situation, the effects of shift work, etc (Regehr, 2005). This has the potential for leaving the readers in doubt as to which issues are being addressed and which ones are being focused upon in particular. Moreover, the time required for each interview is not mentioned, neither is the setting in which the interview was conducted. The article also fails to mention how many interviewers were involved in the data collection process and the steps taken, if any, to reduce the variations in data collection amongst different interviewers and to minimize interviewer bias. Data Analysis Strategies The data thereby collected via the interviews was initially analyzed for common themes using computer based software named NUD*IST Vivo. As described by the author, open coding was utilized in the first stage for the broad categorization of data and subsequently, selective coding was done (Regehr, 2005). The author also mentions that throughout the research process, the input of emergency service organization members was acquired in order to ensure transferability and conformability (Regehr, 2005). The data analysis section of this article is very brief and not enough information is presented for readers to replicate the methodology. The author does not mention the use of any particular data analysis strategies such as iterative analysis and data triangulation. Thus, the data analysis described by author, although possesses credibility, lacks in auditability. Results and Important Findings For qualitative studies, the results need to be extensively discussed and should include actual quotes and statements of the study participants to give a clear view of the outcome of the study to the readers (Parahoo). The results section of this article is very comprehensive and gives a clear overview of the study findings. By organization of the results obtained under different subheadings such as concerns about the dangers of the job, effect of stress and trauma on the paramedic and the family, etc, the results have been made clear and easily interpretable by the readers (Regehr, 2005). Moreover, the use of actual quotes of the study participants gives a clearer view of and provides a better understanding of the participant’s experiences and feelings. The results reveal that the author’s conceptualization and the theoretical framework presented initially were true to the data and the findings obtained. This study, in addition to describing the traumatic experiences and stressful situations faced by the paramedics and their effects on their lives and functioning which have also been previously elucidated by various studies, also provides an insight to the hassles which paramedics and their families encounter (Regehr, 2005). As described in the results, these include shift work, overwork, scheduling issues and equipment and personnel issues (Regehr, 2005). The recognition of these hassles is also important in addition to identifying the consequences of traumatic and stressful experiences on family life as these hassles also contribute significantly towards the disruption of normal family routines and may give rise to conflicts and discontent amongst spouses. In addition, in my opinion, the use of easy language in presenting the results adopted by the author facilitates the understanding of the readers and stimulates their interest in the article. Thus, the results section of this article effectively and comprehensively summarizes the main findings of the study conducted and presents them in an interesting, coherent and simple manner. Discussion, recommendations and conclusions The discussion section is, in effect, an integration of all the subsections of the article which leads to the generation of a concluding statement (Parahoo, 2006). This section is aimed at linking the themes discussed in the introduction and background section of the study, the literature review and the important results generated (Parahoo, 2006). In this article, the discussion overviews all the important results and pertinent findings and compares them with the research which has been previously conducted. Almost all of the findings of this study conform to the findings generated by previously conducted studies. One limitation of the discussion is that the author does not report any conflicting results reported by previously conducted studies, if they exist. Providing different points of view that exist regarding a particular matter helps in improving the reader’s perspective of the subject and aids them in forming their views and opinions regarding a particular matter. Another important component of the discussion is the identification of issues which require further research. In this article, the author correctly identifies the shortcomings of the study, where they exist and identify potential areas for future research. For example, this study identifies two main coping strategies which paramedics use in the face of traumatic experiences, viz. expressing their distress and anguish via debriefing with family members or keeping their issues o themselves and â€Å"putting up a wall (Regehr, 2005). † This study, although identifies these issues, cannot investigate further in to which of these strategies is more effective in coping with the stress that paramedics experience. The author hence recommends that further studies should be conducted in this regard in order to further explore this arena. Similarly, since the results of this study are generalizable to a particular subset of population only i. e. the spouses of paramedics, another recommendation proposed by the author is to conduct studies similar to this one involving participants belonging to other professions in which emotional management for dealing with traumatic experiences is required such as amongst firefighters, police and military personnel (Regehr, 2005). This study also identifies that formal and informal support systems did exist in the emergency medical service organization and were being underutilized. Moreover, no similar support systems existed for family members of the paramedics (Regehr, 2005). The author, although identifies this issue, does not suggest any measures which can be taken to overcome the problem that this issue poses. Moreover, the implications of this research and the findings of this study in everyday clinical practice and for paramedics and their spouses have not been addressed by the author. All the above discussed sections of a research articles lead towards the conclusion section of the article. The conclusions are meant to answer the questions raised and the objectives that were defined prior to conducting the study. They are also meant to summarize the important results generated from the study. The conclusions presented in this article serve all these purposes and briefly summarize and reflect the study findings. Ethical Issues As opposed to quantitative studies, observational and qualitative studies do not involve any intervention on the part of the researchers. Despite this, acquisition of ethical approval before conducting qualitative studies is as imperative as it is while undertaking quantitative studies. In this study, the author does not mention taking ethical approval for conducting this study by the hospital ethical review boards of either of the two emergency medical organizations from which paramedics were identified for their spouses to be recruited in the study. Moreover, the article does not mention taking informed consent from the participants of the study. Informed consent is one of the most important basic principles of research and should always be obtained prior to recruiting participants for any study. Another important ethical aspect which is not addressed in this study is that this study identifies several issues such as the problems faced by paramedics and their families as a result of job-related mental trauma, the underutilization of available support systems by the paramedics and the absence of the availability of any similar support systems for the spouses and families (Regehr, 2005). However, after identifying these issues, the author does not propose any interventions which might be useful in order to overcome these issues or the probable solutions for the problems identified. References Blakely, M. R. , Timmons, S. M. (2008). Life Style and Health Research. Nova Publishers. Figley, C. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Towards a new understanding of the costs of caring. In B. Stamm (Ed. ), Secondary traumatic stress: Self care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators (pp. 3–28). Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press. Fitzpatrick, R. , Boulton, M. (1994). Qualitative methods for assessing health care. Quality in Health Care , 107-113. Jonsson, A. , Segesten, K. , Mattsson, B. (2003). Post-traumatic stress among Swedish ambulance personnel. Emergency Medicine Journal , 79-84. Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice , 522-526. McCann, L. , Pearlman, L. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 131–149. Parahoo, K. (2006). Nursing Research: Principles, Process and Issties. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Houndmills Basingstoke. Regehr, C. (2005). Bringing the trauma home: Spouses of Paramedics. Journal of Loss and Trauma , 97-114. Regehr, C. , Goldberg, G. , Hughes, J. (2002). Exposure to Human Tragedy, Empathy, and Trauma in Ambulance Paramedics. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 505-513. Runciman, W. B. (2002). Qualitative versus quantitative research — balancing cost, yield and feasibility. Quality and Safety in Health Care , 146-147. Saakvitne, K. , Pearlman, L. (1996). Transforming the pain: A workbook on vicarious traumatization. New York: Norton. How to cite Bringing Trauma Home: Spouses of Paramedics, Papers

Tips to Improve Your Citation Skills while being a student

Tips to Improve Your Citation Skills while being a student It’s impossible to imagine academic writing without quotes and citations. Frankly speaking, the issue of citation has a lot of details and covers even more tricky points, but we will not go too far. Today we will talk about citation skills necessary for successful academic writing. Working on your essay you may face the situation when you need to reference someone’s work in your paper, and that’s fine, but you must do it in a proper way in order to avoid plagiarism. Why we use quotes? The decision to quote is made when the essay’s author feels that some particular passage of the original text lets him/her express and illustrate the idea in a very specific way. If you apply this method correctly, the final result will make you and your readers satisfied. Quotes from the original text There several ways to include the quote in your text, the simplest one is to quote directly. It means that you copy the text word for word and use quotation marks to show the beginning and the end. In addition, you have to mention the surname of the author, the date of publication and the page number (if there is one). If you are writing the essay on psychology and want to refer Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus by John Gray, your quote will look like this: Gray (2012, p.158) argues that a man needs â€Å"to be needed†; otherwise, it is â€Å"a slow death† for him. How to format your quote The right format is a compulsory point for any academic writing. As we discussed above, the author’s surname, the year of the material published and the page number must be included, but you should also go through your institution’s rules and check whether put a comma or a colon before the quote and the necessary quotation marks – single ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ or double â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Short and long quotes Keep in my mind that you may happen to deal with short and long quotes. We gave the example of the former a little bit earlier, so now we should pay some attention to the latter. We will not switch to another author and stay with John Gray: â€Å"If we are to feel the positive feelings of love, happiness, trust, and gratitude, we periodically also have to feel anger, sadness, fear, and sorrow†. (Gray, 2012, p.261) After that, you may have a question of the author’s name, or rather, its place – inside or outside the brackets. The difference lies in the fact that in the first example the author’s name was used in our own sentence with the short quote. Considering the page number, you should include it if you quote directly and if you paraphrase and summarize some particular idea. In the cases when you consider the content or key idea of the book as a whole, there is no need to cite the page number. Choose the right reporting verb It doesn’t matter what reference you will decide to use – quote, paraphrase or summary, you will most likely have to deal with reporting verbs. These verbs may look almost identical or very similar, but all of them have some differences in meaning or use. While choosing the most suitable option pay attention to that – reporting verbs can indicate strength, weakness or neutrality, and you may apply them both to your own point of view and the writer’s thoughts.